How Itching Works and Why Scratching an Itch Feels Good

How Itching Works and Why Scratching an Itch Feels Good People and different creatures tingle for an assortment of reasons. Researchers accept the basic reason for the irritating sensation (called pruritus) is so we can evacuate parasites and aggravations and ensure our skin. In any case, different things can prompt tingling, including medications, maladies, and even a psychosomatic reaction. How Itching Works While medications and infection ordinarily invigorate tingling due to a synthetic reaction, more often than not the sensation is a consequence of skin disturbance. Regardless of whether the aggravation begins from dry skin, a parasite, a bug chomp, or substance introduction, the tingle detecting nerve strands (called pruriceptors) become initiated. Synthetics that actuate the strands might be histamine from irritation, narcotics, endorphins, or the synapses acetylcholine and serotonin. These nerve cells are an uncommon kind of C-fiber, fundamentally like the C-filaments that transmit torment, aside from they impart an alternate sign. Just about 5% of C-filaments are pruriceptors. At the point when animated, pruriceptor neurons fire a sign to the spinal line and the mind, which invigorates a scouring or scratching reflex. Interestingly, the reaction to the sign from torment receptors is an evasion reflex. Scratching or scouring a tingle stops the sign by invigorating agony receptors a nd contact receptors in a similar area. Medications and Diseases That Make You Itch Since the nerve filaments for tingling are in the skin, it bodes well most tingling beginnings there. Psoriasis, shingles, ringworm, and chicken pox are conditions or diseases that influence the skin. Be that as it may, a few medications and sicknesses can cause tingling without hidden skin disturbance. The antimalarial sedate chloroquine is referred to cause serious tingling as a typical reaction. Morphine is another medication known to cause tingling. Interminable tingling can result from various sclerosis, certain malignant growths, and liver infection. The fixing that makes peppers hot, capsaicin, can cause tingling just as torment. Why Scratching an Itch Feels Good (But Isnt) The most fulfilling help for a tingle is to scratch it. At the point when you scratch, neurons fire torment signs to your mind, which incidentally supersedes the tingling sensation. The vibe great synapse serotonin is discharged to give help from the torment. Basically, your mind rewards you for scratching. Be that as it may, an examination directed at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis shows scratching eventually strengthens the tingle since serotonin ties 5HT1A receptors in the spinal string that actuate GRPR neurons that animate more irritation. Blocking serotonin isnt a decent answer for individuals enduring incessant tingling in light of the fact that the atom is additionally liable for development, bone digestion, and other key procedures. The most effective method to Stop Itching Along these lines, scratching a tingle, while pleasurable, is certainly not a decent method to quit tingling. Getting alleviation relies upon the reason for the pruritis. In the event that the issue is skin bothering, it might assist with purging the territory with a delicate cleanser and apply an unscented cream. In the event that irritation is available, an antihistamine (e.g., Benadryl), calamine, or hydrocortisone may help. Most agony relievers dont reduce irritation, however narcotic antagonistsâ offer alleviation to certain individuals. Another choice is to open skin to daylight or bright light (UV) treatment, apply a virus pack, or apply a couple of electrical destroys. In the case of tingling continues, its a smart thought to see a specialist to check for basic ailments or tingling because of a medication. On the off chance that you completely cant fight the temptation to scratch, take a stab at scouring the zone as opposed to scratching it. When in doubt, a German report sh ows you can diminish tingling by investigating a mirror and scratching the relating non-tingling body part. Tingling Is Contagious Is it true that you are getting bothersome perusing this article? Assuming this is the case, its a totally typical response. Tingling, such as yawning, is infectious. Specialists who treat irritated patients regularly end up scratching also. Expounding on tingling prompts irritation (trust me on this). Analysts have discovered individuals going to addresses on tingling scratch themselves much more regularly than if they were finding out about an alternate subject. There might be a transformative bit of leeway to scratching when you see someone else or creature do it. Its reasonable a decent marker you should check for gnawing creepy crawlies, parasites, or bothering plants.

Robert Fultons Steamboat Clermont

Robert Fulton's Steamboat Clermont Robert Fultons steamer the Clermont was without a doubt the pioneer of commonsense steamers. In 1801, Robert Fulton banded together with Robert Livingston to assemble the Clermont. Livingston had gotten an imposing business model on steam route on the streams of New York State for a long time, given that he created a steam-fueled vessel ready to travel four miles 60 minutes. Development of the Clermont Robert Fulton showed up at New York in 1806 and started the development of the Clermont, named after Robert Livingstons domain on the Hudson waterway. The structure was done on the East River in New York City. Be that as it may, the Clermont was then the victim of jokes of bystanders, who nicknamed it Fultons Folly. Dispatch of the Clermont On Monday, August 17, 1807, the primary journey of the Clermont was started. Conveying a gathering of welcomed visitors, the Clermont steamed off at one oclock. Pine wood was the fuel. At one oclock Tuesday the vessel showed up at Clermont, 110 miles from New York City. Subsequent to going through the night at Clermont, the journey was continued on Wednesday. Albany, forty miles away, was reached in eight hours, making a record of 150 miles in thirty-two hours. Coming back to New York City, the separation was canvassed in thirty hours. The steamer Clermont was a triumph. The pontoon was then laid up for about fourteen days while the lodges were constructed, a rooftop worked over the motor, and covers put over the oar wheels to get the water shower. At that point the Clermont started making standard excursions to Albany, conveying some of the time a hundred travelers, making the full circle at regular intervals and proceeded until coasting ice denoted the break for winter. Clermont Builder - Robert Fulton Robert Fulton was one of the most significant figures in early American innovation. Before his steamer Clermont first climbed the Hudson River in 1807, he worked for a considerable length of time in England and France on mechanical turn of events, particularly inland route and the cutting of waterways, and constructed a submarine.

Conjugation of the Future Tense of Spanish

Conjugation of the Future Tense of Spanish The future tense of Spanish is presumably the most straightforward conjugation example of all to learn. Not exclusively is its utilization much as in English, however its development is unpredictable for far less action words than with different tenses and is the equivalent for every one of the three infinitive endings (- ar, - er and - ir). As you would expect, the future tense is ordinarily utilized for action words whose move will make place soon. For the most part, it is what might be compared to the will action word structure in English in sentences, for example, I will go or she will eat. Endings for Future Verbs With standard action words, the future tense is shaped by adding endings to the infinitive as appeared in boldface in the rundown beneath. In spite of the fact that the action word hablar (to express) is utilized for instance, what's to come is shaped similarly for every single standard action word: yo hablarã ©, I will speaktã º hablars, you (casual second-individual particular) will speakusted/à ©l/ella hablar, you (formal second-individual solitary)/he/she will speaknosotros/nosotras hablaremos, we will speakvosotros/vosotras hablarã ©is, you (casual second-individual plural) will speakustedes/ellos/ellas hablarn, you (formal second-individual plural)/they will talk On the off chance that youre acquainted with the conjugation of the action word haber, you may see that these endings are equivalent to the current state of haber (an assistant action word importance to have), less the underlying h. Apparently, sooner or later in the far off past, a conjugated type of haber was set after the infinitive to shape the future tense. Action words Irregular in the Future Since the completion is put after the infinitive and incorporates the syllable that is worried in the action word, you dont need to stress over the stem changes that are basic in the conjugation of numerous sporadic action words. What's more, since the future tense is a later advancement in the language, there generally speaking are less sporadic action words later on tense to be worried about. Indeed, even probably the most profoundly sporadic action words, (for example, ser, estar and ir) are customary later on tense. When all is said in done, the vast majority of the action words that are sporadic later on tense adjust and additionally abbreviate the infinitive, yet they all have the right closure in any case. Here are the most widely recognized models: caber (to fit): cabrã ©, cabrs, cabr, cabremos, cabrã ©is, cabrndecir (to state): dirã ©, dirs, dir, diremos, dirã ©is, dirnhaber (to have): habrã ©, habrs, habr, habremos,habrã ©is, habrnhacer (to make or do): harã ©, hars, har, haremos, harã ©is, harnpoder (to be capable): podrã ©, podrs, podr, podremos, podrã ©is, podrnâ poner (to put): pondrã ©, pondrs, pondr, pondremos, podrã ©is, podrnquerer (to need): querrã ©, querrs, podr, podremos, podrã ©is, podrnsaber (to know): sabrã ©, sabrs, sabr, sabremos, sabrã ©is, sabrnsalir (to leave): saldrã ©, saldrs, saldr, saldremos, saldrã ©is, saldrntener (to have): tendrã ©, tendrs, tendr, tendremos, tendrã ©is, tendrnvaler (to have esteem): valdrã ©, valdrs, valdr, valdremos, valdrã ©is, valdrnvenir (to come): vendrã ©, vendrs, vendr, vendremos, vendrã ©is, vendrn Test Sentences Showing Use of Future Tense Siete de cada diez personas comprarn un regalo de San Valentã ­n. (Seven out of 10 individuals will purchase a St. Valentines blessing.) Creo que estaremos en una desventaja competitiva. (I figure we will be at a serious hindrance.) Tendrã © muchas otras cosas para hacer. (I will have numerous different activities.) Te dir muchas mentiras, pero tã º no sers consciente de ellas hasta que pase un tiempo. (She will reveal to you numerous falsehoods, however you wont know about them until some time passes.) Unos aã ±os ms tarde, querrã © ir a verlas an otras ciudades. (A barely any years after the fact, I will need to go see different urban areas.) Habr cinco meses ms para personalizar los coches. (There will be five months for customizing the vehicles.) Haremos los arreglos necesarios. (We will make the vital courses of action.)  ¡No podrn las voces de la oscuridad! (The voices of obscurity won't survive!) El municipio ser el beneficiario y en consecuencia dar las à ³rdenes de pago. (The region will be the recipient and subsequently will provide the installment orders. Donde vayan los iremos a buscar. (Where they go we will go searching for them.)  ¿Cà ³mo sabrã © cuando podrã © usar nuevamente mi cuenta? (By what means will I know when I will have the option to utilize my record once more?) Creo que si nos damos prisa llegaremos a tiempo. (I accept in the event that we hustle we will show up on schedule.) A balance de aã ±o deberã © 20,000 pesos para cancelar mi deuda. (Toward the finish of year's end I will owe 20,000 pesos so as to drop my obligation.) Este balance de semana tengo una boda, y llevarã © un vestido verde. (This weekend I have a wedding, and I will wear a green dress.) Me llamars por mi nombre, reconocers mis atributos y mã ©ritos. (You will call me by my name, and you will perceive my traits and qualities.)

Discuss and Answer the Labeling Concepts Questions - 550 Words

Discuss and Answer the Labeling Concepts Questions (Term Paper Sample) Content: Labeling ConceptsName:Institution:Labeling ConceptsExplain what is meant by retrospective interpretationThe theory provides the idea of reconstructing identities in such a manner that the identification suits the new label. Reexamination usually occurs to people to help the reconstruction process. The person in charge of the reconstruction process interprets the past events of an individual. The individual studies the reexamined person behavior to help reconstruct the identity of the individual. The interpretations occur because of an effort to make the person suit the new identity constructed. Retrospective interpretation takes place mainly to a labeled person in the society. The interpretation takes place to unveil certain occurrences of tragic events such as crimes. The retrospective interpretations enable the person study the behavioral aspects of dangerous individuals in the society.Describe labeling as both conflict and a process theoryLabeling acts as a conflic t in the theoretical perspective. The early literature of the theory explained that the deviant behavior takes place because of lack of adjustment in the society. The early literature gives explanations that the criminal behavior exists in the society because of the conflict. The behavior exists because of a conflict between a certain group and the community of a specified area. The two definitions of the behavior oppose each other. The descriptions reflect the conflict side of labeling. Labeling process theory part arises during the definition of the theory concerning the societal reaction. The approach has two parts; the first part describes the reason behind the labeling of specific individuals and the effects of labeling in deviant behavior.Define the concept of master status and what it means for rehabilitationThe concepts explain how the central traits of peoples identities blindfolds the study of the individual other characteristics. Master status gives theoretical explanatio ns on how separation of the traits takes place. The separation takes place between an individual main characteristic and the secondary character traits. The researchers group criminal behavior as the prime characteristic of an individual. A study of the concept enables researchers rehabilitate individuals. Erasing bad events in a persons mind is a difficult task to perform. The researchers explain how rehabilitation takes place by the separation of character traits. Separating the main characteristics of a person from other secondary character traits assist in the rehabilitation process. The master status concept assists in the rehabilitation processes of individuals.Distinguish between Lemerts view of primary and secondary devianceThe sociologist Edwin Lamert explained that a primary deviance takes place in an individual within a respective peer group. The deviance takes place when the in...

Oh My Siomai - 15123 Words

CHAPTER I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NAME OF THE BUSINESS Oh My! Siomai! was chosen as the name of the store for some good reasons. The name is appealing to the target market we aim to cater to. Oh My! Siomai! represents a fast, reliable, and accessible impression to busy people or those who are always on the go – you eat while you go to school or to your work. Our product is different from other existing food outlets in terms of quality, cleanliness, unique taste, nutritious, healthy and affordable. LOCATION The location of the business is within the vicinity of the University Belt, which only means that we have lots of prospective customers to look up to. The store is situated at the Philippine – Japan Friendship Centre Manila Building located†¦show more content†¦MANAGEMENT ASPECT The proponents decided to adapt a Partnership kind of organization. The store’s total investment amounts to Php300, 000, which is from the personal funds of every partner. Tax and licenses amount to a total of Php6, 370 that would begin on the second week of January. FINANCIAL ASPECT The total project cost amounts to 300,000 in which we would invest a total of Php300, 000 for the start up of the business. A projected sale of Php1, 693,260 will be realized on its first year of operation with an assumption of 3% increase per annum. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT STUDY This study includes only the study of venturing up a business in a commercial space along the Ricardo Papa Street Sampaloc, Manila for siomai. Surveys were conducted on the third week of January in several students which are assumed to be the target market of the business as well as the interviews done with the existing stores particularly competitors within the vicinity of the area. CHAPTER II MARKET INFORMATION This market study is aimed at determining and analyzing the demand and supply for the product in the past and making projections of demand in the future; ascertaining its competitive position in the industry, and designing marketing program for the product. INDUSTRY BACKGROUND Dumplings are an ancient food, known to cooks in many cultures and cuisines. The ingredients (grain, meat, vegetable, fruit), serving customs (with gravy, in soup, as dessert),Show MoreRelatedList of the Top Foodcart Franchising Business in the Philippines1759 Words   |  8 PagesFoodcart Franchise 83. Dipped Banana on Stick Franchise 84. Don Camote Foodcart Franchise 85. Doriyaki Twist Franchise 86. Egg Mess Express Franchise 87. Egg Moo Express Franchise 88. El Bonito’s Pizza Franchise 89. Emperor’s Siomai Foodcart Franchise 90. Ferino’s Bibingka Franchise 91. Filtrepreneur Franchise, Inc. 92. Five Spices Shabu-Shabu Foodcart Franchise 93. Float D’ Floating Ice Cream Franchise 94. Fresh Fruit Juice Foodcart Franchise 95. Fried Bites

Lewins Comparison of Change Theories Essay - 2568 Words

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 2004-2005 Comparison of Change Theories Alicia Kritsonis MBA Graduate Student California State University, Dominquez Hills ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to summarize several change theories and assumptions about the nature of change. The author shows how successful change can be encouraged and facilitated for long-term success. The article compares the characteristics of Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory, Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory, Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior to one another. Leading industry experts will need to continually review and†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Lewin’s model illustrates the effects of forces that either promote or inhibit change. Specifically, driving forces promote change while restraining forces oppose change. Hence, change will occur when the combined strength of one force is greater than the combined strength of the opposing set of forces (Robbins 564-65). Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory Lippitt, Watson, and Westley (1958) extend Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory. Lippitt, Watson, and Westley created a seven-step theory that focuses more on the role and responsibility of the change agent than on the evolution of the change itself. Information is continuously exchanged throughout the process. The seven steps are: ALICIA KRITSONIS ____________________________________________________________ _________________________3 1. Diagnose the problem. 2. Assess the motivation and capacity for change. 3. Assess the resources and motivation of the change agent. This includes the change agent’s commitment to change, power, and stamina. 4. Choose progressive change objects. In this step, action plans are developed and strategies are established. 5. The role of the change agents should be selected and clearly understood by all parties so that expectations are clear. Examples of roles are: cheerleader, facilitator, and expert. 6. Maintain the change. Communication, feedback, and group coordination are essential elements in this stepShow MoreRelatedMarket Analysis of Avon1627 Words   |  6 Pagesdecided that change was necessary because of decline in operating profits and flattening revenues in 2006. It was caused by its fast growth in talent which could not be supported by the infrastructure. Model A model is a standard used to imitate, compare or emulate; what the organization does with the input to produce an output. Conceptions of planned change tend to focus on how change should be implemented in organizations. 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The problems of declining net profit in David Jones are creating make it essential to apply the most suitable change management for company. 1.2 Aim The aim of this report is not only applying the change management theory, model, and style for David Jones and David Jones’ CEO, Paul Zahra, but also supporting the arguments throughRead MoreThe Theories Of Leadership Styles1445 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial compensation, it is imperative to understand leadership theory. One of the first pioneers in leadership theory was Kurt Lewin. Kurt Lewin (1890–1947), was a prominent figure in psychology in his generation. He provided a solid foundation to the teachings of organizational development. In many circles he was known as the father of organizational development. He was best known for the development of field theory. Field theory was essential because it allowed business professionals to understandRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Lewin s Change Management Model And John Kotter s Eight Step Change Model2105 Words   |  9 Pages2016). Change models exist to conceptualise and aid the process, providing a conceptual framework f or change agents to identify and mitigate the issues that could contest the change purpose to achieve the desired outcomes (Hayes, 2014). Carnall (2007) states humans need the structure of a model to help identify what is planned and how to achieve the change. Du Toit (2003) highlights the importance that when choosing the change model it is imperative agents are aware of the choice and its theory of useRead MoreThe Theory Of Goal Attainment1251 Words   |  6 PagesPart A In addition to the cultural care theory is there any other evidence of theory application in the case story above? Present and describe. The Theory of Goal Attainment was developed by Imogene King in the early 1960s. It describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a patient grows and develops to attain certain life goals. King’s concepts are essential in aiding nurses in the nurse-patient relationship. She developed a general systems framework where the framework refers to theRead MoreReasons For Improving The Level Of Commitment And Employee Motivation Among The Staff At The Radio Station846 Words   |  4 Pagesterms of tuition fees. The criteria to be used in weighing between these two options is the use of a Cost-Benefit Analysis. Secondly, I would seek to improve the level of employee motivation at the organization by using the Herzberg Motivation hygiene theory. The options to be considered would be to enhance either the level of intrinsic or extrinsic motivation (McVay, 2007). Intrinsic motivation factors would include employee’s responsibilities, improved communication in terms of feedback and personalizationRead MoreKurt Lewins Change Theory1570 Words   |  7 Pagescontinuous prospect of change as they fight to survive and remain competitive in a globalized economy. Changes exist in both the external and internal environments. As organizational environments exert pressure for change, organizations must adjust if they are to survive and prosper. According to Medley and Akan (2008), theories concerning organizational change were dominated by Lewin’s planned change approach (1947), which brings together four complex elements: (1) field theory, which seeks to mapRead MoreComparisons of Change Models Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Change is a usual task in every organization in order to develop an organization itself or survive in the industry. Since the business world is changing rapidly these days, the management has to have the ability to handle the organization’s development properly by applying change theory models with an organizational strategy. Therefore, people in an organization can implement with change effectively. This paper will compare three broadly used change models: Lawin’s Change Management Model;Read MoreLeadership, Leadership And Mobilization Of The Junior Nurses1579 Words   |  7 Pagesgoodwill strategies, to make their own decisions and that their proposals to changes in the society are sound and valued. Therefore, the concept of grassroots leadership and mobilization of the junior nurses is important in creating a just and fair team, which will raise the spirits and performance of the employees in hospitals. Leadership in the nursing profession should emphasize on communication as a tool of instilling change within the membership. Communication enabled Abrashoff to instill leadership

Business Overview Library Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Overview for Library Management. Answer: Business overview Goals The goal of the project is to prepare an automated library management system in 6 months with a budget of $20,000. Objectives The key objectives of the proposed system are as follows: Accurate catalogue to inform clients of any kind of video help. Avoid incorrect lending videos to defaulters. Study of borrowing patterns of users. Avoid inconsistent data and data redundancy of data. Current situation and Problems The current system runs on traditional system with most of the work being done manually. This results in inconsistent data and administrator lose track on number of videos being issued to which user and whether the borrower is a legitimate member of the library. Gaps The current system is not able to automate the reminders to be sent to the users. Also, it looses out the customers by not studying their pattern of borrowing. It is also not able to add trending videos in the library and hence gets its market share reduced by considerable number. Opportunities With the help of proposed system, the library will attract new customers by upgrading library from time to time. Data gathering Following are key data gathering methods: Registration - Registers and licenses are used specifically for complete enumeration. This will help finding out the number of users file for membership monthly. Questionnaire - This includes a form which contains a set of questions arranged in a logical order. It is distributed to the end users for their responses. It is a good option as the end users are co-operative. Interviews - This method will interview the end users. However, this method is complex than questionnaire. It will be used for high level management. Meeting - This method will help in finalizing the design of proposed system. It includes providing a demo to the end users and get feedbacks from the end users of the library. Logical process modelling Data modelling and Normalization Tbl_Branch Attribute name Data type branchNo Number address String telephone Number manager Number Tbl_Staff Attribute name Data type staffNo Number firstName String lastName String position String salary Number Tbl_Category Attribute name Data type code String name String description String Tbl_Video Attribute name Data type videoNo String copyNo String title String category String dailyRental Number cost Number categoryNo Number Tbl_Customer Attribute name Data type memberNo Number firstName String lastName String street String State String zipcode Number dateOfRegistration Date branch Number Tbl_Publisher Attribute name Data type publicationNo Number firstName String lastName String licenseNo Number city String country String Feasibility analysis Feasibility study provides an overview of key issues which are related to proposed system. The system can be analysed using following types of feasibility: Economic feasibility - This type of feasibility measures the proposed system on the basis of cost and benefit. As per the given scenario, the library indeed has enough funds to conduct complete system investigation. In addition to this, funds are available for purchasing hardware and software for the proposed system. It is performed by interview technique. Technical feasibility - This type of feasibility measures the proposed system on the basis of available technology. It is based on the outline of the requirements of system - inputs, outputs, procedures and programs. The proposed system has enough existing technology to implement the system and the system can also be scaled in future. It is performed by interview technique and record view technique. Operational feasibility It will include following criterias to be considered during operational investigation. The system has good number of users who are going to use it. The library functioning will get enhanced by the implementation of new automated system. The new system is beneficial from operational point of view and hence it can be concluded that it is operational feasible. Requirement specification Following are key functional requirements: The customer should be able to register in the system. The customer should be able to make request for borrowing a video. The customer should be able to return the video. The customer should be able to request for adding new video in the system. The customer should be able to browse through the catalogue. The customer should be able to filter the videos on the basis of categories. The customer should be able to view data on single video. The customer can extend the hold on a video. Following are key non-functional requirements: The system should be reliable i.e. 24x7 available. The system should have low learning curve. All users should be able to complete tasks without any guidance. The system should be able to prompt users for next set of actions. The system should be able to display appropriate message in order to allow users to perform next step in the transaction. The text should be displayed in a manner which is easily understable by the end users. The system allows only authenticated users to access the system. Proposed solution The proposed solution is an automated video library management system which will allow users manage the lending and returning of videos to the library. It provides platform to manage the accurate information about the videos and users and hence avoiding the data inconsistency in the system. The system will also allow management to analyse the patterns of members in order to update the library collection to retain the customers. It will also allow administrator to check for costs involved in the purchase of video and purchase order details. The proposed solution will be installed in all the stores and will have a centralized database. Implementation issues Following are key issues which may arise post-development of the system: The employees of library are reluctant to adapt to the new system. Economic fluctuations in the cost of the systems to be installed after the development of the system. The end users of the organization are not provided with enough training to use the system. References George, J. (2004).Object-oriented systems analysis and design. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hoffer, J., George, J. and Valacich, J. (1999).Modern systems analysis and design. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Kroenke, D. (2009).MIS essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Marmel, E. (2004).Microsoft Office Project 2003 bible. New York: Wiley. Valacich, J., George, J. and Hoffer, J. (2001).Essentials of systems analysis and design. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Internet Communities and Social Networks

Introduction The global technological advancement has led to many changes in the ways of interaction among people. The advancement in information technology, which led to the development of social networking websites, clearly evidences this fact. There has been a gradual yet significant development of social networking sites. The development of these sites started with ‘Friendster’ established in 2002 followed by ‘LinkedIn’ and ‘Bebo’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Communities and Social Networks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More ‘Facebook’ and ‘MySpace’ invention took place in 2004 and 2005 respectively. It is important to mention that majority of the people in the world use Facebook. As a result, it is the social networking with the largest number of users in the world. For a social network to function effectively there is a need for a s ystem that controls the flow of information from one member of the internet community to the other. Social networks have led to an increased flow of information globally as well as building of relationships among different entities. Communities and Web 2.0 Web 2.0 allows members of internet community to exchange information as well as ideas interactively. Social networking sites are examples of Web 2.0 (Fraser, Dutta, 2008, p.27). Other examples of Web 2.0 include video sharing sites, wikis, blogs and mashups among others. All these enhance the formation of internet communities. Of much concern are the social sites that have been instrumental in bringing people from different geographical locations as well as races come together for a common goal.  Several factors enhance the success of internet communities. The social interactions of internet communities require great support, which should include a means to enhance grounding and social presence among members. Members should hav e access to information concerning their joining, trusting, participating and leaving an online community (Kim, 2000, p.12). Owing to the fact that internet communities are greatly involved in solving social dilemma, some strategies help members achieve this goal (Kollock, 1996, p. 41). These strategies include community attraction, rules and regulations, governance on group information as well as infrastructure. In addition, members should be able to find answers to their questions easily.  However, internet communities face some challenges. For instance, there have been cases of internet bullying whereby a member is psychologically tortured making such members quit the society (Boyd, 2007, p.12). This usually occurs among teenagers. There have also been cases of tolling or rather inflicting emotional stress among some members of an internet community. These instances lead to lose of members from the community. There has been a concern about the safety of children due to their ex posure to crude information in these sites. Such information may include pornographic materials and vulgar language (Moreno, Fost, Christakis, 2008, p. 159).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social networks Social networks originate from social networking sites. This helps to connect people who share the same interests, activities, political ambitions as well as economical views. The networking sites require the users to create user-profiles Boyd Ellison, 2007, p.27). This involves providing their personal information to the sites. Other sites allow users who have common interests to create groups and thus enhance more interaction. Most internet users are members of one or more groups. It is also important to mention that most people acquire scientific knowledge through social networks (Lieberskind, Porter, 1996, p.430). Students and teachers use social networks as a com munication tool in colleges because of their high speed as well as their ability to reach a large number of the members at once (Mazer, Murphy, Simonds, 2007, p.15). Activists have employed social networks to mobilize people at the grass-root level. As a networking tool, college students use it to contact professionals for internships and job applications (Arabie, Yoram, 1994, p. 266). It is also important to mention that most companies nowadays use Facebook and Twitter to build their brand image. They also use social networks in recruiting new staff as well as learning new technologies from their competitors. This helps to build healthy business growth within companies. Governments also use social networks as a tool to get the people’s opinion on different state issues before making major decisions.  Too much of everything is dangerous. A number of social network users have grown into addicts (Boyd, 2006, p.62). They spent too much time on these social networks to the ex tent that they overlook other important aspects of their life. Addiction is prevalent among Facebook users. It is important for members of any internet community to use these social networks wisely. The impact of online networks on the community As earlier mentioned online networks lead to increased flow of information in our communities. Online networks have been of much help to people with ill health especially those with chronic diseases (Battles, Wienner, 2002, p. 52). On social networking interaction, these people are able to help each other to manage their ill conditions. It is important to mention that they get to know people who they can identify with and helps to build a sense of acceptance. Online networks have also helped people to participate adequately in community activities by mobilizing people to attend activities leading to improved civic participation. The large numbers of people who join internet communities help to facilitate the mobilization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Communities and Social Networks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, according to a study carried out by The Centre of the Digital future, three quarters of Americans have internet access and spend 8.9 hours online weekly (Carvin, 2006).College students mostly practice this.  Social networks also lead to formation of relationships between members of a given internet community. The issue of online dating came in from well-established ties between two members of a given online community (Romm, Setzekon, 2008, p. 271). They also help to increase communication between friends and family. According to Nielsen (2000), over 70% of online communities interact with their geographical communities on regular basis (p. 52). It is therefore evident that online communities enhance cohesion between members of geographical communities as well. Online gaming is a feature of most social network s. Parents have had a difficult time in controlling their sons and daughters when it comes to computer games especially those who are still schooling (Knapp, 2006, p. 6). They believe that their children will perform poorly due to dedication of much of their time on these games. This therefore calls for parents to monitor the levels of their children’s involvement in online gaming. However, when well managed it is a good leisure activity. Conclusion Since invention of social networks in the late 1990s, online communities have both shown an increasing trend and wide acceptability. Social networks connect people sharing the same interests in life. For these networks to succeed there has to be a strong team supporting the networking sites. In addition, members of a given online community have to relate well in order to attract more people to these social networks. Consequently, social networks will exhibit tremendous growth. Reference List Arabie, P., Yoram, W. (1994). Marketin g and Social Networks. California:  Sage Publications. Battles, B., Wienner, L. (2002). Star bright World: Effects of Electronic Network on  The Social Environment of Children with Life-threatening Illnesses. Children’s Health Care, 31(1), 47-68. Boyd, D. (2006). Friends, Friendsters and MySpace Top 8. Writing Community into Bery  on Social Network sites, 11 (12), 60-67.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Boyd, D. (2007). Why Youth (Heart) Social Networking Sites. The Role of Networked  Publics in Teenage Social Life, 2(4), 9-12. Boyd, D., Ellison, N. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship.  Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 13 (1), 23-30. Carvin, A. (2006). Understanding the Impact of Online Communities on Civic  Engagement. Retrieved from https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/ Fraser, M., Dutta, S. (2008).Throw Sheep in the Boardroom. How Online Social  Networking will Transform your Life, Work and World. New York: Wiley. Kim, A. (2000). Community Building on the Web. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. Knapp, E. (2006).A Parent’s Guide to my space. New York: Day Dream Publishers. Kollock, P. (1996). Design Principles for Online Communities. Harvard. Lieberskind, K., Porter. J. (1996). Social Networks, Learning and Flexibility. Sourcing  Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms. Organization Science, 7(4), 428-443. Mazer, J., Murphy, R., Simonds, J. (2007). I’ll see you on Facebook: The effects and  Classroom Climate. Communication Education, 56 (1), 1-17. Moreno, A., Fost, C., Christakis, A. (2008). Research Ethics in the MySpace  Era.Pediatrics, 121(1), 157-161. Nielsen, J. (2000). Designing Web Usability. The Practice of Simplicity. Indianapolis:  New Riders Publishing. Romm, L., Setzekorn, K. (2008). Social Networking Communications and E.Dating  Services: Concepts and Implications. New York: Information Science Technology. This essay on Internet Communities and Social Networks was written and submitted by user Elvis Hodges to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Federal Reserve Essays - Monetary Economics, Monetary Policy

The Federal Reserve Essays - Monetary Economics, Monetary Policy The Federal Reserve When you look up the word money in the dictionary, you get this as the definition: A commodity, such as gold, or an officially issued coin or paper note that is legally established as an exchangeable equivalent of all other commodities, such as goods and services, and is used as a measure of their comparative values on the market. Money has three basic functions: a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a store of value. Goods and services are paid for in money and debts are brought upon and then paid off in money. Without money, economic transactions would have to take place on a trading basis. But who controls all of our countries money? Back in the early nineteenth century our country was experiencing major national banking panics. One of the most remembered of these panics was the Banking Panic of 1907. Abram P. Andrew, secretary of the National Monetary Commission collected nearly two hundred samples of different bank currencies created to stem the 1907 panic, and he provided a description of the banks' problems at that time: [The banks] were so singularly unrelated and independent of each other that the majority of them had simultaneously engaged in a life and death contest with each other, forgetting for the time being the solidarity of their mutual interest and their common responsibility to the community at large. Two-thirds of the banks of the country entered upon an internecine struggle to obtain cash, had ceased to extend credit to their customers, had suspended cash payments and were hoarding such money as they had. What was the result? ... Thousands of men were thrown out of work, thousands of firms went into bankruptcy, the trade of the country came to a standstill, and all this happened simply because the credit system of the country had ceased to operate. (The Region, 1988) With all of the troubles the banking system was experiencing, President Woodrow Wilson passed an act in 1913 that established the Federal Reserve System (the Fed). Passing that act was the most drastic banking reform in the country's history. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was made to serve as a lender-of-last-resort in times of crisis and to provide a national currency that would expand and contract as needed. A seven member Board of Governors runs the Fed. They are usually bankers or economic specialists that are appointed by the President to 14-year terms. The terms are so long so that the members are protected from all of the political material that goes on. The President then selects a chairman of the board who is the chief spokesperson of the Fed. The current chairman is Alan Greenspan. The Federal Reserve System is also dubbed with the name The Central Bank of the United States. Today the Fed is comprised of twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks spread across the United States. They are located in New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Chicago, Atlanta, Cleveland, Dallas, Philadelphia, Richmond, Minneapolis, and Kansas City. If you look on the left side of a dollar, you can see which branch it was manufactured at. Each branch acts as a central bank for private banks in their region. Back in 1980 The Monetary Control Act resulted that all banks are subject to regulation of the Federal Reserve. Before this act, banks could choose whether or not they wanted to be members of the Fed. After the act was passed, all banks are required to be a member. The Fed has three main policies in which they influence the way banks operate. They are the legal reserve requirement, the discount rate, and open-market operations. Each policy powers the reserve and lending capability of banks. The discount rate is not usually a potent control, but it is important for it may point to the direction that the Federal Reserve policy goes. The legal reserve ratio is a powerful policy, but changes in it are rare. Open-market operations have a direct impact on the market and are one of the most important ways the Fed controls the money supply. The legal reserve ratio is the ratio of cash reserves to demand deposits that banks are required to maintain. When

MEDICAL ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEDICAL ETHICS - Essay Example oral standards when conducting scientific experiments on live subjects, both human and animal subjects, in that certain practices are no longer allowed just for the sake of obtaining some data. It is now a requirement to seek prior approval before conducting an experiment to ensure that no subjects will be harmed and this strict code of ethical conduct has been extended to many clinical trials as well with regards to testing new drugs on people, that consent has been obtained and that full disclosure of potential side effects are made transparent and explained to participants. There are many ethical, moral and legal issues involved in animal testing such as using experimental new drugs on animals. These issues have concerned scientists and researchers alike and also animal rights advocates, who question the value of the data obtained from that kind of research (Watson, 2009, p. 17) while others prefer scientific research experiments should still be conducted but only under strict conditions that met all the ethical criteria (Rollin, 2006, p. 3) and that ethics should be applied in science. This topic is the subject of this brief paper concerning its so-called 3 Rs, namely replacement, reduction and refinement with regards to such experiments. The adoption of the aforementioned 3 Rs was a big step towards ethical considerations on experiments done on live animals. It was put forth by two eminent British biologists in 1960s as a way to treat animal subjects more humanely and acquired the status of an ethics standard. It has been termed as the 3 Rs principle and is discussed here in connection with the experiment on monkeys as observed in the wild and in captivity by scientists researching on the causes of stress. This is because stress is one of the leading causes of death among humans and knowledge gained from studying the troops of monkeys and baboons have great implications for the human species. Along this line, each component of the said principle will be

2 discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2 discussion questions - Essay Example The business may also have seasonal nature. Liquidity ratios: Company A is more appealing to a potential lender – its current ratio is about the industry average while Company B’s is way less. Moreover, A’s quick ratio exceeds average (which, though, may be a sign of not very efficient cash and cash securities management). Efficiency ratios: for the industry in general average collection period decreased by 2 days in 2002, and inventory turnover increased. Turnover growth rate for both A and B was positive but less than industry average. Additionally, average collection period went up. Collection discipline and overall asset management should be examined closely. Profitability ratios: Company B has an advantage vs. A in all three categories, though both companies and the industry overall show positive growth. Using Du-Pont system (see graphs on the next page), one can see that both companies have lower than average asset turnover but B compensate for it with high operating profit margin and achieves high ROA. By dividing the book value of UPS ($16.884bln) by the number of shares (1.07bln as indicated at Yahoo Finance resource) we get book value per share of $15.78. Market value per share as of 3rd January 2007 is $74.97. For FDX, book and market value per share equal to $37.48 ($11.511bln / 307.12M ) and $109.77. UPS market value can be calculated as $74.97 per share x 1.07bln shares = $80.218 bln and its market value added is $80.218bln - $16.884bln = $63.334bln. FDX market value: $109.77 per share x 307.12M shares = $33.712 bln and market value added equals to $33.712 bln - $11.511bln = $22.210bln. A difference between book value and market value of a company exists because investing into a company is not equivalent to buying its building or production lines; it is investment into the way company’s assets are utilized,

Hindustani classical music Essay Example for Free

Hindustani classical music Essay The tradition was born out of a cultural synthesis of several musical traditions: the Vedic chant tradition, dating back to more than three thousand years ago,the ancient Persian tradition of Musiqi-e assil, and various folk traditions prevalent in the region. It is traditional for performers who have reached a distinguished level of achievement to be awarded titles of respect; Hindus are usually referred to as pandit and Muslims as ustad. An aspect of Hindustani music going back to Sufi times is the tradition of religious neutrality: Muslim ustads may sing compositions in praise of Hindu deities, and vice versa. Around the 12th century, Hindustani classical music diverged from what eventually came to be identified as Carnatic classical music. The central notion in both these systems is that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala. The tradition dates back to the ancient Samaveda, (sÄ ma meaning ritual chant), which deals with the norms for chanting of srutis or hymns such as the Rig Veda. These principles were refined in the musical treatises Natya Shastra, by Bharata (2nd–3rd century CE), and Dattilam (probably 3rd–4th century CE). In medieval times, the melodic systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like Amir Khusro, and later in the Moghul courts. Noted composers such as Tansen flourished, along with religious groups like the Vaishnavites. After the 16th century, the singing styles diversified into different gharanas patronized in different princely courts. Around 1900, Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande consolidated the musical structures of Hindustani classical music, called ragas, into a number of thaats. Indian classical music has seven basic notes with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-note scale. Unlike the 12-note scale in Western music, the base frequency of the scale is not fixed, and intertonal gaps (temperament) may also vary; however, with the gradual replacement of the sarangi by the harmonium, an equal tempered scale is increasingly used. The performance is set to a melodic pattern called a raga characterized in part by specific ascent (aroha) and descent (avaroha) sequences, which may not be identical. Other characteristics include king (vadi) and queen (samavadi) notes and characteristic phrases (pakad). In addition each raga has its natural register (ambit) and portamento (meend) rules. Performances are usually marked by considerable improvisation within these norms. History Music was first formalized in India in connection with preserving the sruti texts, primarily the four vedas, which are seen as apaurasheya (meaning not created by man). Not only was the text important, but also the manner in which they had been enunciated by the immortals. Prosody and chanting were thus of great importance, and were enshrined in the two vedangas (bodies of knowledge) called shiksha (pronunciation, chants) and chhandas (prosody); these remained a key part of the brahmanic educational system till modern times. The formal aspects of the chant are delineated in the Samaveda, with certain aspects, e.g. the relation of chanting to meditation, elaborated in the Chandogya Upanishad (ca. 8th century BC). Priests involved in these ritual chants were called samans and a number of ancient musical instruments such as the conch (shankh), lute (veena), flute (bansuri), trumpets and horns were associated with this and later practices of ritual singing. Sanskritic tradition The Samaveda outlined the ritual chants for singing the verses of the Rigveda, particularly for offerings of Soma. It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, krusht, pratham, dwitiya, tritiya, chaturth, mandra and atiswÄ r. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed-frequency instrument. This is why the second note is called pratham (meaning first, i.e., produced when only the first hole is closed). Music is dealt with extensively in the Valmiki Ramayana. Narada is an accomplished musician, as is Ravana; Saraswati with her veena is the goddess of music. Gandharvas are presented as spirits who are musical masters, and the gandharva style looks to music primarily for pleasure, accompanied by the soma rasa. In the Vishnudharmottara Purana, the Naga king Ashvatara asks to know the svaras from Saraswati. The most important text on music in the ancient canon is Bharatas Natya Shastra, composed around the 3rd century CE. The Natya Shastra deals with the different modes of music, dance, and drama, and also the emotional responses (rasa) they are expected to evoke. The scale is described in terms of 22 micro-tones, which can be combined in clusters of four, three, or two to form an octave. While the term raga is articulated in the Natya Shastra (where its meaning is more literal, meaning colour or mood), it finds a clearer expression in what is called jati in the Dattilam, a text composed shortly after or around the same time as Natya Shastra. The Dattilam is focused on gandharva music and discusses scales (swara), defining a tonal framework called grama in terms of 22 micro-tonal intervals (sruti[3]) comprising one octave. It also discusses various arrangements of the notes (murchhana), the permutations and combinations of note-sequences (tanas), and alankara or elaboration. Dattilam categorizes melodic structure into 18 groups called jati, which are the fundamental melodic structures similar to the r aga. The names of the jatis reflect regional origins, for example andhri and oudichya. Music also finds mention in a number of texts from the Gupta period; Kalidasa mentions several kinds of veena (Parivadini, Vipanchi), as well as percussion instruments (mridang), the flute (vamshi) and conch (shankha). Music also finds mention in Buddhist and Jain texts from the earliest periods of the Christian era. Naradas Sangita Makarandha treatise, from about 1100 CE, is the earliest text where rules similar to those of current Hindustani classical music can be found. Narada actually names and classifies the system in its earlier form before the Persian influences introduced changes in the system. Jayadevas Gita Govinda from the 12th century was perhaps the earliest musical composition sung in the classical tradition called Ashtapadi music. In the 13th century, Sharngadeva composed the Sangita Ratnakara, which has names such as the turushka todi (Turkish todi), revealing an influx of ideas from Islamic culture. This text is the last to be mentioned by both the Carnatic and the Hindustani traditions and is often thought to date the divergence between the two. Medieval period: Persian influence The advent of Islamic rule under the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire over northern India caused considerable cultural interchange. Increasingly, musicians received patronage in the courts of the new rulers, who in their turn, started taking increasing interest in local music forms. While the initial generations may have been rooted in cultural traditions outside India, they gradually adopted many aspects from their kingdoms which retained the traditional Hindu culture. This helped spur the fusion of Hindu and Muslim ideas to bring forth new forms of musical synthesis like qawwali and khyal. The most influential musician of the Delhi Sultanate period was Amir Khusrau (1253–1325), sometimes called the father of modern Hindustani classical music.[4] A composer in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, as well as Braj Bhasha, he is credited with systematizing many aspects of Hindustani music, and also introducing several ragas such as Yaman Kalyan, Zeelaf and Sarpada. He created the qawwali genre, which fuses Persian melody and beat on a dhrupad like structure. A number of instruments (such as the sitar and tabla) were also introduced in his time. Amir Khusrau is sometimes credited with the origins of the khyal form, but the record of his compositions do not appear to support this. The compositions by the court musician Sadarang in the court of Muhammad Shah bear a closer affinity to the modern khyal. They suggest that while khyal already existed in some form, Sadarang may have been the father of modern khyal. Much of the musical forms innovated by these pioneers merged with the Hindu tradition, composed in the popular language of the people (as opposed to Sanskrit) in the work of composers like Kabir or Nanak. This can be seen as part of a larger Bhakti tradition, (strongly related to the Vaishnavite movement) which remained influential across several centuries; notable figures include Jayadeva (11th century), Vidyapati (fl. 1375 CE), Chandidas ( 14th–15th century), and Meerabai (1555–1603 CE). As the Mughal Empire came into closer contact with Hindus, especially under Jalal ud-Din Akbar, music and dance also flourished. In particular, the musician Tansen introduced a number of innovations, including ragas and particular compositions. Legend has it that upon his rendition of a night-time raga in the morning, the entire city fell under a hush and clouds gathered in the sky, and that he could light fires by singing the raga Deepak, which is supposed to be composed of notes in high octaves. At the royal house of Gwalior, Raja Mansingh Tomar (1486–1516 CE) also participated in the shift from Sanskrit to the local idiom (Hindi) as the language for classical songs. He himself penned several volumes of compositions on religious and secular themes, and was also responsible for the major compilation, the Mankutuhal (Book of Curiosity), which outlined the major forms of music prevalent at the time. In particular, the musical form known as dhrupad saw considerable development in his court and remained a strong point of the Gwalior gharana for many centuries. After the dissolution of the Mughal empire, the patronage of music continued in smaller princely kingdoms like Lucknow, Patiala, and Banaras, giving rise to the diversity of styles that is today known as gharanas. Many musician families obtained large grants of land which made them self sufficient, at least for a few generations (e.g. the Sham Chaurasia gharana). Meanwhile the Bhakti and Sufi traditions continued to develop and interact with the different gharanas and groups. Modern era Until the late 19th century, Hindustani classical music was imparted on a one-on-one basis through the guru-shishya (mentor-protà ©gà ©) tradition. This system had many benefits, but also several drawbacks; in many cases, the shishya had to spend most of his time serving his guru with a hope that the guru might teach him a cheez (piece or nuance) or two. In addition, the system forced the music to be limited to a small subsection of the Indian community. To a large extent it was limited to the palaces and dance halls. It was shunned by the intellectuals, avoided by the educated middle class, and in general looked down upon as a frivolous practice.[5] Then a fortunate turn of events started the renaissance of Hindustani classical music. First, as the power of the maharajahs and nawabs declined in early 20th century, so did their patronage. With the expulsion of Wajid Ali Shah to Calcutta after 1857, the Lucknavi musical tradition came to influence the music of renaissance in Bengal, giving rise to the tradition of Ragpradhan gan around the turn of the century. Also, at the turn of the century, two great stars emerged on the horizon: Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. Independent of each other, they spread Hindustani classical music to the masses in general, and the Marathi middle class in particular. These two gentlemen brought classical music to the masses by organizing music conferences, starting schools, teaching music in class-rooms, and devising a standardized grading and testing system, and by standardizing the notation system.[6] Vishnu Digambar Paluskar emerged as a talented musician and organizer despite having been blinded at age 12. His books on music, as well as the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya music school that he opened in Lahore in 1901, helped foster a movement away from the closed gharana system. Paluskars contemporary (and occasional rival) Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande recognized the many rifts that had appeared in the structure of Indian classical music. He undertook extensive research visits to a large number of gharanas, Hindustani as well as Carnatic, collecting and comparing compositions. Between 1909 and 1932, he produced the monumental four-volume work Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi,[7] which suggested a transcription for Indian music, and described the many tradi tions in this notation. Finally,mit consolidated the many musical forms of Hindustani classical music into a number of thaats (modes), subsequent to the Melakarta system that reorganized Carnatic tradition in the 17th century. The ragas as they exist today were consolidated in this landmark work, although there are some inconsistencies and ambiguities in Bhatkandes system. In modern times, the government-run All India Radio, Bangladesh Betar and Radio Pakistan helped to bring the artists to public attention, countering the loss of the patronage system. The first star was Gauhar Jan, whose career was born out of Fred Gaisbergs first recordings of Indian music in 1902. With the advance of films and other public media, musicians started to make their living through public performances. As India was exposed to Western music, some Western melodies started merging with classical forms, especially in popular music. A number of Gurukuls, such as that of Alauddin Khan at Maihar, flourished. In more modern times, corporate support has also been forthcoming, as at the ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Meanwhile, Hindustani classical music has become popular across the world through the influence of artists such as Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan. Principles of Hindustani music The rhythmic organization is based on rhythmic patterns called tala. The melodic foundations are called ragas. One possible classification of ragas is into melodic modes or parent scales, known as thaats, under which most ragas can be classified based on the notes they use. Thaats may consist of up to seven scale degrees, or swara. Hindustani musicians name these pitches using a system called Sargam, the equivalent of the Western movable do solfege: Sa (Shadaj) = Do Re (Rishab) = Re Ga (Gandhar) = Mi Ma (Madhyam) = Fa Pa (Pancham) = So Dha (Dhaivat) = La Ni (Nishad) = Ti Sa (Shadaj) = Do Both systems repeat at the octave. The difference between sargam and solfege is that re, ga, ma, dha, and ni can refer to either Natural (shuddha) or altered Flat (komal) or Sharp (tivra) versions of their respective scale degrees. As with movable do solfege, the notes are heard relative to an arbitrary tonic that varies from performance to performance, rather than to fixed frequencies, as on a xylophone. The fine intonational differences between different instances of the same swara are called srutis. The three primary registers of Indian classical music are mandra (lower), madhya (middle) and taar (upper). Since the octave location is not fixed, it is also possible to use provenances in mid-register (such as mandra-madhya or madhya-taar) for certain ragas. A typical rendition of Hindustani raga involves two stages: Alap: a rhythmically free improvisation on the rules for the raga in order to give life to the raga and flesh out its characteristics. The alap is followed by a long slow-tempo improvisation in vocal music, or by the jod and jhala in instrumental music. Bandish or Gat: a fixed, melodic composition set in a specific raga, performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhavaj. There are different ways of systematizing the parts of a composition. For example: Sthaayi: The initial, rondo phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Antara: The first body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Sanchaari: The third body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in dhrupad bandishes Aabhog: The fourth and concluding body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in Dhrupad bandishes. There are three variations of bandish, regarding tempo: Vilambit bandish: A slow and steady melodic composition, usually in largo to adagio speeds. Madhyalaya bandish: A medium tempo melodic competition, usually set in andante to allegretto speeds. Drut bandish: A fast tempo melodic composition, usually set to allegretto speed or faster. Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric, insofar as the musical forms were designed primarily for vocal performance, and many instruments were designed and evaluated as to how well they emulate the human voice. Types of compositions The major vocal forms or styles associated with Hindustani classical music are dhrupad, khyal, and tarana. Other forms include dhamar, trivat, chaiti, kajari, tappa, tap-khyal, ashtapadis, thumri, dadra, ghazal and bhajan; these are folk or semi-classical or light classical styles, as they often do not adhere to the rigorous rules of classical music. Dhrupad Main article: Dhrupad Dhrupad is an old style of singing, traditionally performed by male singers. It is performed with a tambura and a pakhawaj as instrumental accompaniments. The lyrics, some of which were written in Sanskrit centuries ago, are presently often sung in brajbhasha, a medieval form of North and East Indian languages that was spoken in Eastern India. The rudra veena, an ancient string instrument, is used in instrumental music in dhrupad. Dhrupad music is primarily devotional in theme and content. It contains recitals in praise of particular deities. Dhrupad compositions begin with a relatively long and acyclic alap, where the syllables of the following mantra is recited: Om Anant tam Taran Tarini Twam Hari Om Narayan, Anant Hari Om Narayan. The alap gradually unfolds into more rhythmic jod and jhala sections. These sections are followed by a rendition of bandish, with the pakhawaj as an accompaniment. The great Indian musician Tansen sang in the dhrupad style. A lighter form of dhrupad, called dhamar, is sung primarily during the festival of Holi. Dhrupad was the main form of northern Indian classical music until two centuries ago, when it gave way to the somewhat less austere khyal, a more free-form style of singing. Since losing its main patrons among the royalty in Indian princely states, dhrupad risked becoming extinct in the first half of the twentieth century. However, the efforts by a few proponents from the Dagar family have led to its revival and eventual popularization in India and in the West. Some of the best known vocalists who sing in the Dhrupad style are the members of the Dagar lineage, including the senior Dagar brothers, Nasir Moinuddin and Nasir Aminuddin Dagar; the junior Dagar brothers, Nasir Zahiruddin and Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar; and Wasifuddin, Fariduddin, and Sayeeduddin Dagar. Other leading exponents include the Gundecha Brothers, who have received training from some of the Dagars. Leading vocalists outside the Dagar lineage include the Mallik family of Darbhanga tradition of musicians; some of the leading exponents of this tradition were Ram Chatur Mallick, Siyaram Tiwari, and Vidur Mallick. A section of dhrupad singers of Delhi Gharana from Mughal emperor Shah Jahan’s court migrated to Bettiah under the patronage of the Bettiah Raj, giving rise to the Bettiah Gharana.[8] Bishnupur Gharana, based in West Bengal, is a key school that has been propagating this style of singing since Mughal times. Khyal Main article: Khyal Khyal is a Hindustani form of vocal music, adopted from medieval Persian music and based on Dhrupad. Khyal, literally meaning thought or imagination in Hindustani, is unusual as it is based on improvising and expressing emotion. A Khyal is a two- to eight-line lyric set to a melody. The lyric is of an emotional account possibly from poetic observation.[clarification needed] Khyals are also popular for depicting the emotions between two lovers, situations of ethological significance in Hinduism and Islam, or other situations evoking intense feelings. Th importance of the Khyals content is for the singer to depict, through music in the set raga, the emotional significance of the Khyal. The singer improvises and finds inspiration within the raga to depict the Khyal. The origination of Khyal is controversial, although it is accepted that this style was based on Dhrupad and influenced by Persian music. Many argue that Amir Khusrau created the style in the late 16th century. This form was popularized by Mughal Emperor Mohammad Shah, through his court musicians. Some well-known composers of this period were Sadarang, Adarang, and Manrang. [edit]Tarana Main article: Tarana Another vocal form, taranas are medium- to fast-paced songs that are used to convey a mood of elation and are usually performed towards the end of a concert. They consist of a few lines of poetry with soft syllables or bols set to a tune. The singer uses these few lines as a basis for fast improvisation. The tillana of Carnatic music is based on the tarana, although the former is primarily associated with dance. Tappa Main article: Tappa Tappa is a form of Indian semi-classical vocal music whose specialty is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle, knotty construction. It originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of Punjab and was developed as a form of classical music by Mian Ghulam Nabi Shori or Shori Mian, a court singer for Asaf-Ud-Dowlah, the Nawab of Awadh. Nidhubabur Tappa, or tappas sung by Nidhu Babu were very popular in 18th and 19th-century Bengal. Among the living performers of this style are Laxmanrao Pandit, Shamma Khurana, Manvalkar, Girija Devi, Ishwarchandra Karkare, and Jayant Khot. Thumri Main article: Thumri Thumri is a semi-classical vocal form said to have begun in Uttar Pradesh with the court of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, (r. 1847–1856). There are three types of thumri: poorab ang, Lucknavi and Punjabi thumri. The lyrics are typically in a proto-Hindi language called Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic. Some recent performers of this genre are Abdul Karim Khan, the brothers Barkat Ali Khan and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Begum Akhtar, Girija Devi, Beauty Sharma Barua, Nazakat-Salamat Ali Khan, Prabha Atre, Siddheshwari Devi, and Shobha Gurtu. Ghazal Main article: Ghazal Ghazal is an originally Persian form of poetry. In the Indian sub-continent, Ghazal became the most common form of poetry in the Urdu language and was popularized by classical poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Daagh, Zauq and Sauda amongst the North Indian literary elite. Vocal music set to this mode of poetry is popular with multiple variations across Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Turkey, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Ghazal exists in multiple variations, including semi-classical, folk and pop forms. Instrumental music The Royal Musicians of Hindustan circa 1910: Ali Khan, Inayat Khan, Musheraff Khan and Maheboob Khan Although Hindustani music clearly is focused on the vocal performance, instrumental forms have existed since ancient times. In fact, in recent decades, especially outside South Asia, instrumental Hindustani music is more popular than vocal music, partly due to a somewhat different style and faster tempo, and partly because of a language barrier for the lyrics in vocal music. A number of musical instruments are associated with Hindustani classical music. The veena, a string instrument, was traditionally regarded as the most important, but few play it today and it has largely been superseded by its cousins the sitar and the sarod, both of which owe their origin to Persian influences. Other plucked or struck string instruments include the surbahar, sursringar, santoor, and various versions of the slide guitar. Among bowed instruments, the sarangi, esraj and violin are popular. The bansuri, shehnai and harmonium are important wind instruments. In the percussion ensemble, the tabla and the pakhavaj are the most popular. Various other instruments have also been used in varying degrees.

Advertising business aspects :: Free Essay Writer

Advertising business aspects Advertising business aspects? Not in this world. How can advertising be ethical when we live in a society that says sex sells? The less you have on the better the ad is. Then we also live in a time that still portrays most minorities in stereotypical roles. Most minorities are still seen as second-class citizens in some advertisements. I think until advertisements depict women and minorities in a better way, advertising will never be ethical. Women are seen as insurance to an advertiser to sell their product. Many advertisements that are targeted to men use partial or complete female nudity, sexual suggestiveness, and innuendo (Sex stereotyping in advertising 103). In other words these ads imply that the female in the advertisement is the man reward for him buying the product. For example there is a corona (beer) commercial out now. The first thing you see in the commercial is two women walking on a beach in tiny bikinis. Then after that you see a couple holding hands finally the corona bottle appears. Women are not only used for men advertising, female models that are half naked are used to sell women products also. Victoria Secrets commercials and ads would fall under this category. Although the product is clearly for women, according to Berger the advertiser is still trying to draw a male audience. Advertisers believe that men and women prefer to see female bodies in advertisement. Public Service Announcement is usually thought of as informative. Public service announcements are ad that tries to bring awareness about certain issues such as cigarettes. But there are some public service announcements that can send mixed messages out to the public. In one public service announcement there is an ad with this tall, thin and attractive women. In the poster she is smoking a cigarette, but she also have one of her hand on her butt and the other right under her breast. Then under the picture in bold letters it states, â€Å"AN UGLY BUTT CAN RUIN A GREAT BODY.† The word butt could mean to different things in this sentence. So what was meant to be a health issue has just changed to a health or sex issue. The cigarette looks as if it is adding to her sexual appeal instead of demeaning it. Now the message that cigarettes are harmful to body has gotten lost. Advertising cannot be ethical when we are not sure about the message of a cigarette public service announcement.

Public Awareness of Diabetes

Public Awareness of Diabetes Lynn A. Bailey HCA/240 August 21, 2011 Dr. Monica Reed, PhD, MPH Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of people every year, and in most cases, this is a disease that is preventable. Increasing public awareness regarding risk factors and how this debilitating disease can be controlled and prevented may reduce the number of cases diagnosed each year. Throughout the years, scientists have developed a variety of treatment options and medications that are available for individuals diagnosed with diabetes. Future treatments for diabetes may include an artificial pancreas and stem cell therapy (Yoffee, 2009). Along with community support through awareness programs and advances in technology and treatment options, this disease is controllable and in some cases, may even be prevented. Diabetes and who it Affects Most Diabetes mellitus (DM), more commonly known as diabetes, is the result of insufficient insulin production or the body’s inability to respond to insulin (Forth & Jude, 2011). Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses blood glucose, or blood sugar. Blood glucose is vital to health because it is an essential source of energy for cells of the muscles and other tissues as well as the brain’s fuel (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Individuals that suffer from diabetes have difficulty regulating and maintaining healthy blood glucose levels. If an individual is diagnosed with diabetes, no matter type, he or she has too much glucose. Some genetic factors do play a role in an individual’s risk for developing diabetes along with other factors such as race, but lifestyle is to blame for most diagnosed cases of diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011). Anyone who is 45 years or older should consider testing for diabetes, especially if he or she is overweight or has a family history of this disease. Race may also play a role in the development of this disease. Individuals who are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino should also consider prescreening (CDC, 2011). Another group of people that are more susceptible to DM2 are lower income groups, especially women (Lega, Ross, Zhong, & Dasgupta, 2011). Diabetes affects the whole body including the most important hormonal system, the endocrine system. The Body System Affected by Diabetes and its Causes The endocrine system is a group of organs or glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which can affect the entire body. Glands of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes, and the ovaries. The glands of the endocrine system release hormones into the bloodstream. The pancreas is the organ of the endocrine system, and when it is not functioning properly, the result is diabetes. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas malfunctions. One of the pancreas’s functions is to control the glucose level in the blood (Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, & Raymond, 2006). The pancreas secretes two hormones known as glucagon and insulin, which raise and lower glucose levels in the blood (Mulvihill et al. 2006). When insulin is secreted, blood glucose levels rise, and when glucagon is released, blood glucose levels decrease. If an individual is diagnosed with diabetes, his or her pancreas is not secreting enough insulin or target cells are not responding to the insulin that is being secreted (Mulvihill et al. , 2006). This malfunction of the pancreas results in either Type One (DM1) or Type Two (DM2) diabetes. DM1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin, and DM2 diabetes occurs when the pancreatic islets fail to secrete enough insulin or when target cells ignore the insulin (American Diabetes Association, 2011). The most common cause of diabetes is obesity, but other risk factors are involved as well. Risk Factors Some common risk factors for DM1 include genetics from both parents, environmental factors such as cold climates, viruses, race, and early dietary factors such as low vitamin D or exposure to cow’s milk (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Risk factors for DM2 consist of obesity, high or low birth weight, rapid weight gain in childhood, sedentary lifestyle, fetal exposure to gestational diabetes, family history, and race (Schub & Caple, 2010). Some of these risk factors may be controlled, whereas others cannot e controlled. Risk factors that are controllable include dietary needs and lifestyle choices. Obesity is the number one cause of DM2 among children and adolescents, and is commonly describes as body mass index, or BMI, which is a measurement of body fat that is based on height and weight (Schub & Caple, 2010). Obesity is a risk factor that is modifiable and may decrease an individualà ¢â‚¬â„¢s risk for developing DM2, and it may either prevent or reduce the onset. Obesity is a risk factor of DM1 as well. Although it may not prevent DM1, healthy lifestyle choices may help manage this type of diabetes as well. Other factors that cannot be controlled include genetics, fetal exposure to gestational diabetes, low birth rate, some environmental factors, and race. In today’s world, advances in medicine and technology have increased the availability of treatment options for patients diagnosed with diabetes compared to the past. Evolution of Treatment Options Over past several years, the list of medications used to treat diabetes has increased creating more options for patients and healthcare providers (Davis, 2011). In the past, insulin was the only treatment available for diabetes, and medications were limited. Metformin is an oral drug that has been used for many years as a treatment for DM2, but it is not always effective because of side effects such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea (Davis, 2011). With new advances in technology, this drug is now available in an extended-release formula, which reduces its side effects and makes is much more tolerable for many patients, and it is also available in a generic version, which is much less expensive for numerous individuals suffering from DM2 (Davis, 2011). Advances in treatment options have also led to the availability of drugs such as Byetta, Januvia, Onglyza, Tradjenta, and Symlin (CDC, 2011). Januvia, Onglyza, and Tradjenta are drugs that work with natural enzymes and the body’s own insulin to control blood glucose, Symlin is a synthetic hormone that helps lower blood glucose after meals, and Byetta is an injectable drug that assaults high blood sugar and diminishes one’s appetite (Davis, 2010). Diagnosis and treatments depend on which type of diabetes and individual may have. A healthcare professional will conduct different types of medical tests and procedures to determine the proper diagnosis. Current Treatment Methods When a patient suspects that he or she may have diabetes, the first thing they should do is see their doctor. The physician can perform tests and procedures that will determine whether or not he or she has diabetes, and if so, which type they have. These tests may include a fasting blood glucose level test, random (non-fasting) blood glucose level test, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1c test, or a ketone test, which is used to diagnose DM1 (Right Health, 2010). A fasting blood glucose level test is a test that indicates a patient’s blood glucose level after a period of eight hours of fasting. At the doctor’s office, a medical professional will take a sample of blood from the vein in the inner bend of the elbow. The fasting blood glucose level should be below 99mg/dl, which is considered normal. Results that indicate levels of 100 to 125 are indications of pre-diabetes and 126 or higher indicate diabetes (CDC, 2011). Another test is random blood glucose level. Random blood glucose level test is a blood glucose test conducted on a patient that has not been fasting. Normal levels in and average adult are 70 to 130 mg/dl (CDC, 2011). If an individual’s test results reflect a level of 130 to 200, this may be an indication of pre-diabetes, and a patient with a level above 200 is considered a diabetic (CDC, 2011). A glucose tolerance test may also be used to diagnose diabetes. A glucose tolerance test is in which the patient, who has been fasting for about 10 hours, drinks a solution of glucose. After the patient drinks the solution, his or her blood and urine is sample are taken and analyzed over a period of three hours (Mulvihill, et al. , 2006). The urine test shows the presence or absence of glucose in the urine, or ketones (Mulvihill, et al. 2006). The A1c test is a test used for diabetics as well. An A1c is a test which indicates blood sugar levels over a period of three months (Medicine Net, 2011). This is a test that benefits the patient and the physician by giving an indication of how well a medication may be working. Normal range is 4-5. 9%, a level of 8% or more is an indication of poorly controlle d diabetes (Medicine Net, 2009). With advancing technology and medicine, the future holds more treatment options. Future Treatment Options Advancement in technology is making new treatment options available for many diabetic patients. Research has indicated new treatments such as an artificial pancreas and pancreatic cell transplantation (Yoffee, 2009). Medtronic, a medical device company, is combining glucose monitoring systems with insulin pumps to recreate the delivery system of insulin in the body (Yoffee, 2009). Scientists are also working on transferring pancreatic cells from pigs into humans (Yoffee, 2009). Even though advances in technology are allowing scientists and other professionals to invent new and exciting treatments for diabetes, prevention is the best defense against this disease. Evaluation of an Existing Educational Program One educational program that has made great strides to combat the growing threat of diabetes among children and adolescents is the Adolescent Health and Youth Development (AHYD) Unit of the Georgia Division of Public Health. They have helped fund 30 Teen Center Programs in 28 counties in the state of Georgia (Georgia Division of Public Health, 2011). One of these programs is the Diabetes Prevention and Control Program (DPCP), which was established to reduce the burden of diabetes on the communities of Georgia. This program provides communication to increase awareness, improve quality of care, increase screening, and reduce costs (Georgia Division of Public Health, 2011). This program has made some impact on communities, but there is still a lot of work that needs to be done. The DPCP was recognized by the CDC for achievement in A1c screening and improving the well-being of people affected by diabetes. Scholarships have been awarded to 374 medical professionals that help them pay for the Certified Diabetes Educators (CDE) exam. These are great accomplishments, but it is not enough. More needs to be done to reach out to the communities that are hardest hit by this disease. In addition to the A1c screening, a lifestyle initiative should be added. Adding a lifestyle initiative that would include local restaurants and other businesses to come out into their communities and get involved. Six annual picnics that included A1c screening, lunch, activities, and educational materials would be beneficial for many communities throughout Georgia. Local businesses could ban together and donated good to raffle off, which would draw families and community members to the event. The event could be held at a different area parks around the state. The hardest hit areas would be the first on the list. People need to be educated about the risks, causes, and prevention of diabetes, and our communities must come together in order to combat the onset of diabetes in our children and adolescents. An Effective way of Spreading the News No program will be successful without the proper advertising or spokesperson. In today’s world children and adolescents are drawn to Sponge Bob. If he were the spokesperson for healthy eating and exercise, children would react with enthusiasm and excitement. His picture on fliers that promote a healthy lifestyle could be mailed to surrounding area residents alerting them of the upcoming events. Children could come to the event and get their picture taken with Sponge Bob. Sponge Bob could lead a relay race for children and adolescents. An ad in the local newspaper would benefit the event as well. A website could be created for this event with links to Facebook and Twitter. With the help of Sponge Bob and the community, education on the benefits of a healthy lifestyle would reach a greater number of people, and help promote the prevention of diabetes. Conclusion Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of people. In some cases, this disease can be prevented by teaching and promoting healthy lifestyle choices. Over the years, many treatment options have changed, and with increasing advances in technology and medicine, there will be more changes in the future. The key to the prevention and treatment of many cases of diabetes is to provide sufficient public awareness. References American Diabetes Association. (2011). Type I. Retrieved from http://www. diabetes. org/diabetes-basics/type-1/. American Diabetes Association. (2011). Type 2. Retrieved from http://www. diabetes. org/diabetes-basics/type-2/. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). National diabetes fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/diabetes/. Davis, J. L. (2011). New Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Options. Retrieved from http://www. webMD. com/diabetes/. Forth, R. , & Jude, E. (2011). Diabetes: complications, prevention and treatment. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 17(1), 30-35. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Georgia Division of Public Health. (2011). Adolescent Health and Youth Development (AHYD). Retrieved from http://health. state. a. us/programs/adolescent/. Lega, I. , Ross, N. , Zhong, L. , & Dasgupta, K. (2011). Gestational Diabetes Histoy May Signal Deprivation in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Women’t Health (15409996), 20(4), 625-629. doi:10. 1089/jwh. 2010. 2273. Mayo Clinic. (2011). Diabetes. Retrieved from http://www. mayclinic. com/health/diabetes/DS01121/. Medicine Net. (2011). Hemoglobin A1c Test. Re trieved from http://www. medicinenet. com/hemoglobin-a1c-test/articl. htm. Mulvihill, M. L. , Zelman, M. , Holdaway, P. , Tompary, E. , & Raymond, J. (2006). Human Diseases: A systemic approach. (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Right Health. (2010). Diabetes. Retrieved from http://www. righthealth. com/diabetes/. Schub, T. , & Caple, C. (2010). Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: Prevention in Children and Adolescents. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Yoffee, L. (2009). The Future of Diabetes Treatment. Retrieved from http://www. EverydayHealth. com/. Zhang, X. , Luo, H. , Gregg, E. , Mukhtar, Q. , Rivera, M. , Barker, L. , & Albright, A. (2010). Obesity prevention and diabetes screening at local health departments. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1434-1441. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Investing Online Essay - 758 Words

Investing Online Personal Investing with Computer Technology Introduction Computer technology has revolutionized the way people can invest their money. Online trading has become the newest fad for people trying to get more bang for their buck. Virtually anyone with access to the Internet can set up an online brokerage account. With just a click of the mouse people can buy and sell stocks. This advanced computer technology for personal investing has its pros and cons. It has made it much easier for the average person to take care of his/her finances in an inexpensive manner. It has alos made it easier for people to become addicted to trading, which can become an expensive habit. Trading Stocks Inexpensively Online†¦show more content†¦It can also compare a stock symbol with the SP 500 Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index to give an investor an insight how a stock is doing in comparison with the industry average. These tools are very valuable for an investor to be successful in their analysis of companies, industries, and the economy. Just five years ago, not one person invested over the Internet. But now, by one acount, more than 7million Americans trade online, making up to 25 percent of all trades by individual investors (Fritzlen, 2000). With this trend, more and more people will be using the Internet to do most of their investing. Addiction to Online Trading The growth of online trading has generated a new breed of addicts: the average day trader. The average day trader looks at the stock market in the same manner as they would a casino. With the stock market, many believe they have a higher probability of winning than in a Las Vegas casino. By winning, I am referring to generating a return from their investment. The stock market seems to be in a more controlled environment than a casino. 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